Health Information Technology For Economic And Clinical...

In 2009, the U.S. Government passed The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act, as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, to promote the adoption and meaningful use of health information technology (Mangalmurti, Murtagh and Mello 2060). The HITECH Act authorizes grants and incentives to promote the â€Å"meaningful use† of electronic health records (EHR) by providers (2060). The effect is a high commitment to a technology-led system reform, urging a renewed national commitment to building an information infrastructure to support health care delivery, consumer health, quality measurement and improvement, public accountability, clinical and health services research, and clinical†¦show more content†¦However, this is not always the case. With the enthusiasm for health information technology, potential risks and problems associated with electronic health records have received far less attention. Three fundamental security goals are essential to EHR systems: confidentiality, integrity and availability (Haas e26). Patients lose the protection of implied trust domain of medical institutions due to their medical record maintenance performed by non-medical enterprises (e27). Depending on the paradigm, enabling access to an increased number of users poses threats to security and privacy. The adoption of EHR has been slower than expected (Gans 1323). With numerous systems available, it is particularly difficult for a smaller practice to identify which system best meets its needs. Other notable challenges for some practices include assumption of the capital investment as well as managerial responsibilities associated with the IT infrastructure. A common implementation challenge encountered is the lack of a universal vision and definition of EHR. Since there are multiple interpretations of the definition of EHR and attendant requirements, identifying current and future needs is a complex process for potential users. Short term limited ability systems will eventually become obsolete as there is a move toward more global EHR systems. On June 18, Health Information Technology For Economic And Clinical... In the past, our healthcare distribution system predicated its payments solely on the number of accommodations provided and not on the quality of care distributed to patients. As a result, patients might receive redundant tests, medication errors, or accommodations that might not ameliorate their health – and may cost them more in copayments or coinsurance. As required by the Affordable Care Act, Health and Human Services (HHS) launched several initiatives to link payments more proximately with quality outcomes and promote value-predicated care. These reforms promote value over volume and ascertain that care is better coordinated across the healthcare distribution system (Health IT, 2013). As a result the government is looking to influence innovation and best practices to enhance administration, quality and patient engagement, while securing protection and minimizing expenses (Nir Menachemi and Taleah H. Collum, 2011). This influential innovation is in direct response to the H ealth Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act of 2009. Therefore in this paper one will evaluate the current state of the infrastructure in workflow and processes; identify the existing gaps and issues within the environment, provide solutions for improvement in association with the present gaps – zero cost and limitless budget, and recognize current technology that can change the current health care infrastructure. This evaluation will display the current state of theShow MoreRelatedHealth Information Technology For Economic And Clinical Health1283 Words   |  6 Pagesthe U.S. Government passed The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act, as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, to promote the adoption and meaningful use of health information technology (Mangalmurti, Murtagh and Mello 2060). The HITECH Act authorizes grants and incentives to promote the â€Å"meaningful use† of el ectronic health records (EHR) by providers (2060). The effect is a high commitment to a technology-led system reform, urging a renewedRead MoreHealth Information Technology For Economic And Clinical Health1484 Words   |  6 Pagescase presents a prime example of privacy violation. The Federal privacy rule 42 CFR, part 2 mandated addition privacy protection for any health record that is generated in the treatment of patients in the federal alcohol and drug program (Hughes, 2002). The HIPAA privacy rule dictates that healthcare organizations must not disclose any identifying patient information, or alert any entity that a particular patient is participating in alcohol/drug treatment program. This type of privacy breach must beRead MoreHealth Information Technology For Economic And Clinical Health784 Words   |  4 PagesList at least five of the ways you see physicians employing meaningful use in their practices The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act is part of the American Reinvestment Recovery Act (ARRA) signed into law by President Obama on February 17, 2009. The HITECT Act introduced the concept of ‘meaningful use’ which incentivized the adoption of electronic health records (EHR) for the overall improvement of healthcare. This act authorized payments to qualifiedRead MoreHealth Information Technology For Economic And Clinical Health Essay938 Words   |  4 Pageswith The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act which forces health centers to have â€Å"meaningful use† of certain services using health technology (Kruse, Bolton, Freriks, 2015). These services promote patient-centered care as it helps satisfy the Stage 2 qualification, patient engagement. Patient portals are an excellent technology tool. Therefore, the center should use patient portals. Patient portals provide all day, anyti me, anywhere access to health informationRead MoreHealth Information Technology For Economic And Clinical Health Records1391 Words   |  6 PagesThe patient’s growing data and information is the forefront of clinical information systems; with the use of the electronic medical record (EMR), electronic health record (EHR), and electronic personal health record (ePHR) have been the beginning of the movement into the integration and use of clinical health information systems (Reilly Polifroni, 2011). As these technologies are being implemented into the everyday interaction that patients have with the healthcare delivery system, government lawsRead MoreThe Health Information Technology For Economic And Clinical Health Act1146 Words   |  5 PagesPaving the Way to Computerized Charting The passage of the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH) Act â€Å"encouraged healthcare organizations and providers to adopt and effectively utilize certified electronic health records (EHRs)† (Conrad, Hanson, Hansenau, Stocker-Schneider, 2012, p. 443). In addition, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) instituted Meaningful Use (MU) as a form of â€Å"incentive programs that governs the use of EHRs and allowRead MoreHealth Information Technology For Economic And Clinical Health Act2217 Words   |  9 Pagesand President Obama enacted the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH) as part of the American Reinvestment and Recovery Act of 2009 (ARRA). HITECH established the Office of the National Coordinator (ONC) in statute and provided the authority, resources and infrastructure needed to stimulate the rapid, nationwide adoption and use of health IT, especially electronic health records (EHRs) and to establish programs to improve health care quality, safety, and efficiencyRead MoreThe Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act1378 Words   |  5 PagesThe Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act, as defined by the U.S. Department of Health Human Services, is part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 and was created to reduce health care costs by adoption of electronic medical records. It was officially signed into law on February 17, 2009, and aims to encourage the â€Å"adoption and meaningful use of health information technology.† Of particular interest is how it impacts affects the privacy andRead MoreThe Health Information Technology For Economic And Clinical Health Records2128 Words   |  9 PagesOrganizational Information Hospital Sisters Health System (HSHS) is a group of 13 hospitals located within Illinois and Wisconsin. While run under the guidance of the HSHS governance board, the hospital is divided into four divisions. Each division works with the system office located in Springfield, Illinois. While each division is governed by the system office, they also have their own governing board that enables each division to make decisions that will be beneficial to their demographic areaRead MoreInformation Technology For Economic And Clinical Health Act888 Words   |  4 Pagesframeworks to enhance patient care by healthcare suppliers. The National Quality Forum (NQF) created the idea of meaningful use; their thoughts included to enhance population health, coordination of forward planning, enhanced well-being, and patient engagement. The U.S. Healthcare Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH) made motivators for embracing Meaningful Use criteria starting in 2012, with t he likelihood of penalties for failing in attaining the benchmarks by 2015. In Health Information Technology For Economic And Clinical... The center should comply with The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act which forces health centers to have â€Å"meaningful use† of certain services using health technology (Kruse, Bolton, Freriks, 2015). These services promote patient-centered care as it helps satisfy the Stage 2 qualification, patient engagement. Patient portals are an excellent technology tool. Therefore, the center should use patient portals. Patient portals provide all day, anytime, anywhere access to health information using an Internet connection (Kruse et al., 2015). The portal is managed by the health care facility. Through patient portals patient can view information such as doctor visits, summaries of medication, discharge, immunizations or allergies, and lab reports. Some portals offer prescriptions refills, scheduling of doctor appointments, and communications between providers through emails. Studies have found that patient portals increase patient-centered care (Kruse et al., 2015). It increases patient autonomy as patients participate in the decision making process with medical providers (Kruse et al., 2015). Patient satisfaction increases. Greater patient-provider communications. Increases patient education, engagement, and empowerment (Kruse et al., 2015). For the health facility, patient portal has been documented as helping to increase customer retention. Office visits were adhered to more when patients used patient portals. Contact improved.Show MoreRelatedHealth Information Technology For Economic And Clinical Health1283 Words   |  6 Pagesthe U.S. Government passed The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act, as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, to promote the adoption and meaningful use of health information technology (Mangalmurti, Murtagh and Mello 2060). The HITECH Act authorizes grants and incentives to promote the â€Å"meaningful use† of electronic health records (EHR) by providers (2060). The effect is a high commitment to a technology-led system reform, urging a renewedRead MoreHealth Information Technology For Economic And Clinical Health1383 Words   |  6 Pageserrors, or accommodations that might not ameliorate their health – and may cost them more in copayments or coinsurance. As required by the Affordable Care Act, Health and Human Services (HHS) launched several initiatives to link payments more proximately with quality outcomes and promote value-predicated care. These reforms promote value over volume and ascertain that care is better coordinated across the healthcare distribution system (Health IT, 2013). As a result the government is looking to influenceRead MoreHealth Information Technology For Economic And Clinical Health1484 Words   |  6 Pagescase presents a prime example of privacy violation. The Federal privacy rule 42 CFR, part 2 mandated addition privacy protection for any health record that i s generated in the treatment of patients in the federal alcohol and drug program (Hughes, 2002). The HIPAA privacy rule dictates that healthcare organizations must not disclose any identifying patient information, or alert any entity that a particular patient is participating in alcohol/drug treatment program. This type of privacy breach must beRead MoreHealth Information Technology For Economic And Clinical Health784 Words   |  4 PagesList at least five of the ways you see physicians employing meaningful use in their practices The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act is part of the American Reinvestment Recovery Act (ARRA) signed into law by President Obama on February 17, 2009. The HITECT Act introduced the concept of ‘meaningful use’ which incentivized the adoption of electronic health records (EHR) for the overall improvement of healthcare. This act authorized payments to qualifiedRead MoreHealth Information Technology For Economic And Clinical Health Records1391 Words   |  6 PagesThe patient’s growing data and information is the forefront of clinical information systems; with the use of the electronic medical record (EMR), electronic health record (EHR), and electronic personal health record (ePHR) have been the beginning of the movement into the integration and use of clinical health information systems (Reilly Polifroni, 2011). As these technologies are being implemented into the everyday interaction that patients have with the healthc are delivery system, government lawsRead MoreThe Health Information Technology For Economic And Clinical Health Act1146 Words   |  5 PagesPaving the Way to Computerized Charting The passage of the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH) Act â€Å"encouraged healthcare organizations and providers to adopt and effectively utilize certified electronic health records (EHRs)† (Conrad, Hanson, Hansenau, Stocker-Schneider, 2012, p. 443). In addition, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) instituted Meaningful Use (MU) as a form of â€Å"incentive programs that governs the use of EHRs and allowRead MoreHealth Information Technology For Economic And Clinical Health Act2217 Words   |  9 Pagesand President Obama enacted the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH) as part of the American Reinvestment and Recovery Act of 2009 (ARRA). HITECH established the Office of the National Coordinator (ONC) in statute and provided the authority, resources and infrastructure needed to stimulate the rapid, nationwide adoption and use of health IT, especially electronic health records (EHRs) and to establish programs to improve health care quality, safety, and efficiencyRead MoreThe Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act1378 Words   |  5 PagesThe Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act, as defined by the U.S. Department of Health Human Services, is part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 and was created to reduce health care costs by adoption of electronic medical records. It was officially signed into law on February 17, 2009, and aims to encourage the â€Å"adoption and meaningful use of health information technology.† Of particular interest is how it impacts affects the privacy andRead MoreThe Health Information Technology For Economic And Clinical Health Records2128 Words   |  9 PagesOrganizational Information Hospital Sisters Health System (HSHS) is a group of 13 hospitals located within Illinois and Wisconsin. While run under the guidance of the HSHS governance board, the hospital is divided into four divisions. Each division works with the system office located in Springfield, Illinois. While each division is governed by the system office, they also have their own governing board that enables each division to make decisions that will be beneficial to their demographic areaRead MoreInformation Technology For Economic And Clinical Health Act888 Words   |  4 Pagesframeworks to enhance patient care by healthcare suppliers. The National Quality Forum (NQF) created the idea of meaningful use; their thoughts included to enhance population health, coordination of forward planning, enhanced well-being, and patient engagement. The U.S. Healthcare Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH) made motivators for embracing Meaningful Use criteria starting in 2012, with t he likelihood of penalties for failing in attaining the benchmarks by 2015. In Health Information Technology For Economic And Clinical... 1. Some alcohol and drug abuse records were inadvertently left accessible via the internet. Fifty patients were affected. This case presents a prime example of privacy violation. The Federal privacy rule 42 CFR, part 2 mandated addition privacy protection for any health record that is generated in the treatment of patients in the federal alcohol and drug program (Hughes, 2002). The HIPAA privacy rule dictates that healthcare organizations must not disclose any identifying patient information, or alert any entity that a particular patient is participating in alcohol/drug treatment program. This type of privacy breach must be reported promptly to the internal review board (IRB), compliance officer, risk management office and the privacy officer at the healthcare organization. The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) act and the American Recovery and Reinvestment (ARRA) act also mandated that any healthcare organization or any covered entity under the HIPAA act should promptly notify individual patients about the accidental disclosure of their medical information; the tim e from discovery of breach of PHI to patient’s notification must not be more than 60 days. In addition, to patient notification, the covered entity must also report such incidents to the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) and to the media if the breach affects more than 500 patients, and if the breach affects less than 500 patients, notifying the patients and theShow MoreRelatedHealth Information Technology For Economic And Clinical Health1283 Words   |  6 Pagesthe U.S. Government passed The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act, as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, to promote the adoption and meaningful use of health information technology (Mangalmurti, Murtagh and Mello 2060). The HITECH Act authorizes grants and incentives to promote the â€Å"meaningful use† of electronic health records (EHR) by providers (2060). The effect is a high commitment to a technology-led system reform, urgin g a renewedRead MoreHealth Information Technology For Economic And Clinical Health1383 Words   |  6 Pageserrors, or accommodations that might not ameliorate their health – and may cost them more in copayments or coinsurance. As required by the Affordable Care Act, Health and Human Services (HHS) launched several initiatives to link payments more proximately with quality outcomes and promote value-predicated care. These reforms promote value over volume and ascertain that care is better coordinated across the healthcare distribution system (Health IT, 2013). As a result the government is looking to influenceRead MoreHealth Information Technology For Economic And Clinical Health784 Words   |  4 PagesList at least five of the ways you see physicians employing meaningful use in their practices The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act is part of the American Reinvestment Recovery Act (ARRA) signed into law by President Obama on February 17, 2009. The HITECT Act introduced the concept of ‘meaningful use’ which incentivized the adoption of electronic health records (EHR) for the overall improvement of healthcare. This act authorized payments to qualifiedRead MoreHealth Information Technology For Economic And Clinical Health Essay938 Words   |  4 Pageswith The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act which forces health centers to have â€Å"meaningful use† of certain services using health technology (Kruse, Bolton, Freriks, 2015). These services promote patient-centered care as it helps satisfy the Stage 2 qualification, patient engagement. Patient portals are an excellent technology tool. Therefore, the center should use patient portals. Patient portals provide all day, anyti me, anywhere access to health informationRead MoreHealth Information Technology For Economic And Clinical Health Records1391 Words   |  6 PagesThe patient’s growing data and information is the forefront of clinical information systems; with the use of the electronic medical record (EMR), electronic health record (EHR), and electronic personal health record (ePHR) have been the beginning of the movement into the integration and use of clinical health information systems (Reilly Polifroni, 2011). As these technologies are being implemented into the everyday interaction that patients have with the healthcare delivery system, government lawsRead MoreThe Health Information Technology For Economic And Clinical Health Act1146 Words   |  5 PagesPaving the Way to Computerized Charting The passage of the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH) Act â€Å"encouraged healthcare organizations and providers to adopt and effectively utilize certified electronic health records (EHRs)† (Conrad, Hanson, Hansenau, Stocker-Schneider, 2012, p. 443). In addition, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) instituted Meaningful Use (MU) as a form of â€Å"incentive programs that governs the use of EHRs and allowRead MoreHealth Information Technology For Economic And Clinical Health Act2217 Words   |  9 Pagesand President Obama enacted the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH) as part of the American Reinvestment and Recovery Act of 2009 (ARRA). HITECH established the Office of the National Coordinator (ONC) in statute and provided the authority, resources and infrastructure needed to stimulate the rapid, nationwide adoption and use of health IT, especially electronic health records (EHRs) and to establish programs to improve health care quality, safety, and efficiencyRead MoreThe Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act1378 Words   |  5 PagesThe Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act, as defined by the U.S. Department of Health Human Services, is part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 and was created to reduce health care costs by adoption of electronic medical records. It was officially signed into law on February 17, 2009, and aims to encourage the â€Å"adoption and meaningful use of health information technology.† Of particular interest is how it impacts affects the privacy andRead MoreThe Health Information Technology For Economic And Clinical Health Records2128 Words   |  9 PagesOrganizational Information Hospital Sisters Health System (HSHS) is a group of 13 hospitals located within Illinois and Wisconsin. While run under the guidance of the HSHS governance board, the hospital is divided into four divisions. Each division works with the system office located in Springfield, Illinois. While each division is governed by the system office, they also have their own governing board that enables each division to make decisions that will be beneficial to their demographic areaRead MoreInformation Technology For Economic And Clinical Health Act888 Words   |  4 Pagesframeworks to enhance patient care by healthcare suppliers. The National Quality Forum (NQF) created the idea of meaningful use; their thoughts included to enhance population health, coordination of forward planning, enhanced well-being, and patient engagement. The U.S. Healthcare Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH) made motivators for embracing Meaningful Use criteria starting in 2012, with t he likelihood of penalties for failing in attaining the benchmarks by 2015. In

Argument Essay Changing Drinking Age to 18 - 816 Words

Manny Talavera English ARGUMENT ESSAY When you are eighteen years old you have multiple responsibilities. Everyone who is eighteen is seen as a responsible, mature young adult. If eighteen year olds are portrayed as responsible and mature adults then why can’t they buy or consume alcohol? The alcoholic drinking age should be lowered to age eighteen because at that age you are responsible, mature, and it will help send the right message. Society states that eighteen year olds can not handle alcohol because they make a lot of mistakes so therefore they are â€Å"irisponsible â€Å". If you start to drink at age eighteen or twenty one your tolerance is still going to be the same. So in that case it does not matter what age you start to†¦show more content†¦Belive it or not it is a known fact that since the drinking age has become twenty one years old the percentage of younger people drinking has dropped but the amount of alcohol consumed by a teenager has gone up. The alcoholic drinking age should be lowered to age eighteen based on the fact that our current prohibition laws are not working. Our nation has tried prohibition twice in the past for controlling irresponsible drinking problems. These laws were finally repealed because our nation was not able to enforce them and because the reaction towards them caused other social problems. Today we are repeating history and making the same mistakes that occurred in the past. Prohibition did not work then and prohibition for young people under the age of 21 is certainly not workingShow MoreRelatedThe Debate Over The Drinking Age2461 Words   |  10 Pagesdebate over whether the drinking age should be lowered or raised in the United States. Multiple different sources are provided, each offering a different opinion. The article discusses the ethical, pathological, and emotional effects if the drinking age were to be lowered or raised. If the drinking age were to change, how would society react to this change and what would be the long term effects. Drinking has always caused negative effects, yet how would changing the age effect personal strugglesRead MoreBinge Drinking4668 Words   |  19 PagesDecember 05, 2011 Binge Drinking Among College Students and Consequences Audience-(Student Fraternity and College Administrators) Binge drinking is a problem that has continued to have a toll on the lives of college students despite efforts by the government and school administrators to curb the trend. Many studies have been conducted to reveal the facts behind binge drinking in colleges and campuses. It is clear that for the problem of binge drinking in colleges to be resolved, it mustRead MoreEthnography of a Meal-- Food, Identity and Time3516 Words   |  15 Pagescorrelation between food categories and social categories? This essay seeks to critically evaluate Delaneys (2010: 259) assertion that food categories also correlate with social categories. In order to evaluate this claim, it is therefore necessary to explain what it means. In addition, the evaluation of this claim, in an anthropological context, needs be conducted through the research method of an ethnography of a meal. My argument will use the ethnographic experience of a Shabbat meal with DavidRead MoreFor Against by L.G. Alexander31987 Words   |  128 PagesBy the same author SIXTY STEPS TO PRECIS POETRY AND PROSE APPRECIATION ESSAY AND LEITER ·WRITING A FIRST BOOK IN COMPREHENSION PRECIS AND COMPOSITION ras CARTERS OF GREENWOOD (Cineloops) DETECTIVES FROM SCOTLAND YARD (Longman Structural Readers, Stage 1) CAR THIEVES [Longman Structural Readers, Stage 1) WORTH A FORTUNE [Longman Structural Readers, Stage 2) APRIL FOOLS DAY [Longman Structural Readers, Stage 2) PROFESSOR BOFFIN S UMBRELLA (Longman Structural Readers, Stage 2) OPERATION MASfERMINDRead MorePopulation Problem in Bangladesh14871 Words   |  60 PagesThe Bangladeshi English Essay Book An Analysis by Robin Upton, January 22nd 2006 Public Domain under (cc) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0 Jan 2006 - Robin Upton - http:// www.RobinUpton.com/research Contents Purpose........................................................................................................... 1 Introduction to Essay Books .......................................................................... 1 Impact of Essay Books .................Read MoreSociology Essay20437 Words   |  82 PagesSociology Study Calendar  © Nelson Thornes Distance Learning 2010 Marking exercise 5 vii Study week Start date Unit 15 Unit 2.5 Gender and Educational Opportunity 17 Unit 2.6 Ethnicity and Educational Opportunity 18 Unit 2.7 Government Policy and Education Cut-off date Unit 2.4 Social Class and Educational Opportunity 16 External Assignment 19 Mid Module Review and Unit 2.8 Researching Education 20 Unit 3.2 Primary Sources (1) Quantitative Read MoreOrganizational Behaviour Analysis28615 Words   |  115 PagesORGANISATIONAL ANALYSIS: Notes and essays for the workshop to be held on 15th - 16th Novemeber 2007 at The Marriot Hotel Slough Berkshire SL3 8PT Dr. Lesley Prince, C.Psychol., AFBPsS University of Birmingham November 2007  © Dr. Lesley Prince 2007. Organisational Analysis: Notes and Essays Page i Page ii Please do not attempt to eat these notes. CONTENTS Introduction to the Workshop Topics And Themes The Nature and Scope of Organisation Theory Levels of Analysis The MetaphoricalRead MoreExplain The Sequence And Rate Of Each Aspect Of Development From Birth 19 Years4523 Words   |  19 Pagesbehaviours and forms of play, their confidence will grow as they near the age of 3 years old, but will still seek reassurance from their parents and carers. Between the ages of 3 and 7 years old a child will still be processing information visually, along side this their language skills and thought process’ will develop, which will have a huge effect on how they think and interact with others. As a child progress’ towards the age of 12 years old they will become less egocentric, and more understandingRead MoreEssay on Silent Spring - Rachel Carson30092 Words   |  121 Pagesoffprint from Gales For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.  ©1998-2002;  ©2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design ® andRead MoreGun control8728 Words   |  35 PagesQuestion Do citizens have a serious right to bear arms? This is a moral question, not a Constitutional one. For even if the Constitution did grant this right, we should determine if there are sufficiently compelling arguments against private gun ownership to warrant changing the Constitution. On the other hand, if this were not a Constitutional right, we should determine if there are strong reasons why the state should not ban or control guns, and if these reasons are sufficiently compelling

Advice to Joseph and Clara -Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Advice Joseph and Clara of their legal rights and obligations, and the likelihood of a successful action being brought by either Peter or Richard. Answer: Contract law, as the name suggests, is a law surrounding the contracts and is covered under the common law. In the following parts, the aspects of contract formation have been discussed, along with the frustration of contract and this has been done with reference to the case study given. After the application of the different aspects of the contract law in this case, it has been established that a claim by Richard would be successful against Clara and Joseph. And it would also be established that a claim against Richard would also not be successful. To best state the definition of contract, reference has to be made to such a promise, which is undertaken between two or a higher number of parties, for doing something, in exchange for consideration[1]. For a contract to have legal binding qualities, it needs to have the basics of offer, acceptance, consideration, consent, capacity, legality of objects and intent[2]. The contract starts when an offer is made by party A to party B. There is a need to clearly distinguish between an invitation to treat and an offer. The former shows the interest of the parties and the need to initiate the negotiations of the contract and the latter denotes an intention to form lawful relation[3]. For instance, the magazine or the newspaper adverts are invitation to treat and not an offer. A leading example is Partridge v Crittenden[4] it was held that the magazine advert was an invitation to treat. And in such cases, even when he adverts is a selling advert; the person is not bounded to sell the product. Though, if the wordings of the advert are such that a unilateral offer is presented, it is deemed as an offer, as was held in Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company[5]. In the given case study, an advert was given by Joseph in the newspaper and this would be deemed as an invitation to treat as the option of further negotiations was open here, in the manner of invitation of prices. The reason for holding this advert as an invitation to treat is that the quotes have been invited here; unlike an offer, where a clear price is contained for the promise being asked for, here, the price is uncertain. And it requires more communication to clear the exact offer. Hence, based on Partridge v Crittenden, Clara and Joseph were not under the compulsion of accepting the communication sent by Richard or Peter. The communication sent on 8th April 2017 by Richard and that of Peters 12th April 2017 would be considered as offer. The next step in contract formation is acceptance of offer which has been made. The acceptance has to be given by the person to whom the offer had been made and it has to be given to the offer which was made[6]. If, while communicating this acceptance, the terms are modified, it would be considered as a counter offer, as was held in Hyde v. Wrench[7]. The date of acceptance is deemed as the date on which the communication of acceptance reaches the party which made the offer. However, an exception to this rule is the postal rules of acceptance. As per these rules, the date of posting the letter is considered as the acceptance date[8]. This is due to the notion that the postal office is the implied agent of the offering party and the receipt by the postal office is considered as the receipt by the offering party. And the delivery date of such communication remains irrelevant[9]. Adams v. Lindsell[10] was a case where this principle resulted in the enforceability of the contract. The po stal rules of acceptance are also applicable on email communication and this is true for both offer and acceptance[11]. In the given case study, the offer had been sent through the email. Hence, on the basis of the postal rules, the email date is the offer date. Richard made an offer to Joseph through email on 13th April and this would be the date of offer based on postal rules. The offer was immediately accepted and so, the date of acceptance would be 13th April, 2017. Another crucial element in a contract is consideration, the absence of which renders the contract invalid[12]. In the given case study, the consideration for Richard was $40 per square meter. Peter emailed on 12th April that he wanted to do the work at a price of $38 per square meter. This communication was not given any response. The date of offer on the basis of postal rules would be 12th April. However, the offer of Peter was not accepted earlier and instead, the offer of higher rate, made by Richard was accepted. The consideration was $38 per square meter, based on the offer made by them through their respective emails. The contractual terms were very clear and it is assumed that there was consent and capacity present between the parties, as nothing suggests otherwise. There was no illegality in the contractual terms[13]. Hence owing to the presence of requisite elements of a contract, a legally binding contract was formed with Richard; however, the same was not done with peter owing to the lack of acceptance. The lack of acceptance for Peter can be derived from the case of Powell v. Lee[14], where it was obligated that the acceptance be communicated. Peter was given no such communication where the acceptance could have been deemed as accepted. And so, it is clear that due to the absence of proper acceptance, the contract would not be formed as it is a crucial element of contract. The exclusion clause in the contracts is one clause which can restrict and limit the liabilities of the party inserting it[15]. The exclusion clause, in the case study given here, was present in the standard form given by Richard, instead of the main contract. As this was not brought to the attention of Joseph, it would be invalid, as per Chapelton v Barry UDC[16]. However, the exclusion clause is not of much use in this case. This is due to the actions undertaken by Joseph which stopped Richard from continuing his work. This clause would be helpful if Joseph makes a claim against Richard for the collapse of the floor. Though, the invalidity of the exclusion clause would result in this claim being made unsuccessful. The given case study highlights that Richard could not complete his work owing to the actions of Joseph. So, even when Richard was the one who did not finish his part of obligation under the contract, the breach of contract would be on part of Joseph. This is because he was deliberately stopped from discharging his part of the obligation. If one of the parties deliberately stops the other party from performing their promise, they cannot cite a breach on the part of the party who has been stopped from working. Moreover, this behavior of Joseph would be deemed as a breach of contract as he was under an obligation to let Richard do his part of the contract. Joseph is the one who breached the promise made under the contract by stopping Richard and not the other way round. And owing to the actions of Joseph, Richard can apply for monetary compensation for the ensuing breach of contract. However, the same cannot be done by Peter owing to an absence of contract between them. Once the incident took place, Joseph contacted Peter for his offer and changed the terms. On the basis of Hyde v. Wrench, this communication would be deemed as a counter offer. The contract which was formed here afterwards had the work still as incomplete, as Peter did not start any work. As the contract was not concluded in this case, the contract cannot be discharged yet. Clara and Joseph could have made a counter claim only when Richard had been at fault in discharging his obligations. Even though a claim can be made for improper work, resulting in flooding, there was no refusal on part of Richard to fix the issue or to finish the work. The actions of Clara and Joseph resulted in a deliberate discharge of contract, and hence, not only would they be liable, but would also get no counter claims. When one part is ready to undertake their part of the promise but the other party does not accept it, the party which seeks to perform the contract is discharged from the contract and the party which is not ready to accept the performance is liable for the damages[17]. For this, the case of Startup v MacDonald[18] proves helpful. Due to these reasons, Clara and Joseph would be liable for the damages due to non-acceptance. And for this, they cannot make a claim against Richard owing to their non-acceptance. To conclude the entire discussion, Clara and Joseph would not be successful in their actions against Richard as their actions led to a discharge of contract by breach. And the invalidity of exclusion clause does not play any role for Richard, owing to the fault of Clara and Joseph. Had it been Richards fault, and had the exclusion clause been valid, it would have helped Richard in evading his liability. But, as neither the exclusion clause was valid, nor it was Richards fault (as Clara and Joseph had stopped him, resulting in breach on their party), the exclusion clause does not hold any key role. Lastly, there is no liability of Clara and Joseph with the contract which was formed with Peter, as this contract was formed after the whole incident with Richard took place and does not have any aspect of performance or breach in the question after the occurrence of incident between Richard and Joseph-Clara. Hence, it is advisable to Clara and Joseph that they should refrain from raising a n issue against Richard as it was their fault in stopping Richard from finishing his work. And even though they have signed the exclusion clause, it would not result in change in their position. And since, the contract has not yet been concluded Clara and Joseph should refrain from raising any issue against him. Bibliography Abbott K, Pendlebury N, and Wardman K, Business law (Thompson Learning, 8th ed, 2007) Andrews N, Contract Law (Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed, 2015) Carter JW, Elisabeth Peden and Greg Tolhurst, Contract Law in Australia (LexisNexis Butterworths, 5th ed, 2007) Davies PS, JC Smith's the Law of Contract (Oxford University Press, 2016) Elliott C, and Quinn F, Contract Law (Pearson Education Limited, 9th ed, 2013) Furmston M, and Tolhurst GJ, Contract Formation: Law and Practice (Oxford University Press, 2010) Latimer P, Australian Business Law 2012 (CCH Australia Limited, 31st ed, 2012) Lawson RG, Exclusion Clauses and Unfair Contract Terms (Sweet Maxwell, 10th ed, 2011) Macdonald E, and Atkins R, Koffman Macdonald's Law of Contract (Oxford University Press, 8th ed, 2014) McKendrick, E Contract Law (Pearson Education Limited, 11th ed, 2015) Adams v. Lindsell (1818) 106 ER 250 Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company [1893] 1 QB 256 Chapelton v Barry UDC (1940) 1 KB 532 Hyde v. Wrench (1840) 3 Beav 334 Partridge v Crittenden [1968] 1 WLR 1204 Powell v. Lee (1908) 99 L.T. 284 Startup v MacDonald (1843) 6 Mann G 593 Contract Law E-Law Resources, Discharge through performance (2017) https://e-lawresources.co.uk/Discharge-through-performance.php Elizabeth Macdonald and Ruth Atkins, Koffman Macdonald's Law of Contract (Oxford University Press, 8th ed, 2014) John W. Carter, Elisabeth Peden and Greg Tolhurst, Contract Law in Australia (LexisNexis Butterworths, 5th ed, 2007) Keith Abbott, Norman Pendlebury and Kevin Wardman, Business law (Thompson Learning, 8th ed, 2007) [1968] 1 WLR 1204 [1893] 1 QB 256 Paul Latimer, Australian Business Law 2012 (CCH Australia Limited, 31st ed, 2012) (1840) 3 Beav 334 Neil Andrews, Contract Law (Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed, 2015) Ewan McKendrick, Contract Law (Pearson Education Limited, 11th ed, 2015) (1818) 106 ER 250 Catherine Elliott and Frances Quinn, Contract Law (Pearson Education Limited, 9th ed, 2013) Michael Furmston and G.J. Tolhurst, Contract Formation: Law and Practice (Oxford University Press, 2010) Paul S Davies, JC Smith's the Law of Contract (Oxford University Press, 2016) (1908) 99 L.T. 284 Richard G. Lawson, Exclusion Clauses and Unfair Contract Terms (Sweet Maxwell, 10th ed, 2011) (1940) 1 KB 532 E-Law Resources, Discharge through performance (2017) https://e-lawresources.co.uk/Discharge-through-performance.php (1843) 6 Mann G 593

Technology And Human Resource in Emirates †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Technology And Human Resource in Emirates. Answer: Introduction Overview of the Company Emirates are an airlines company that is based in Dubai, the capital city of United Arab Emirates. The group is a subsidiary of the Emirates Group that owns many other businesses (www.emirates.com). The total business is owned by the Government of Dubais investment corporation of Dubai. The company owns the distinction of being the largest Airline of Middle East. The airlines operate more than 3500 flights per week which is a huge figure. It is the Worlds fourth largest Airlines by the amount of revenue earned and the number of passengers that avail the services of the following company. Ahmed Bin Saeed Al Makloum is the present chairman and CEO of the mentioned Airlines Company, while Mr. Tim Clark is the current president of the company. The company was established in the month of march, 1985 and commenced commercial operations on the month of October 1985. Human Resource Issues Emirates like other companies of the global market faces serious issues related to Human Resources. These issues may cripple the organizational structure of the mentioned company. Some of the main issues that the organization faces are; The Human Resource of Emirates has had a serious impact in technology in recruitment. The HR department of Emirates was earlier dependent on publications like newspapers, to post jobs and get prospects for vacant positions (Laudon Laudon, 2016). Some other process like networking were used but the recruiters did not possessed the capability to post job vacancies in one or more areas and get millions of people to watch the same all at once. The HR department of the mentioned Airlines has a task cut out to install the latest technology in their ranks which can drastically improve their recruiting prowess. The Human resource department of the company is assigned with the task of fixing the employee remuneration and other benefits according to the market structure. Paying competitive wages to the employees helps the company to ensure a profitable return over the years. The Human resource department of the company ensures this by regular surveys of the market (Peppard Ward, 2014). Every business organization maintains a detailed digital database on each and every employee in the workplace. Maintaining the digital database of the employees is one of the easiest tasks that help to retain the best workforce of the organization. However the formation of the digital database is very tough to implement for the organizations as because it involves a complex and tough process to implement the total system in the organization. Emirates installed such a system much later in its organizational structure (Sparrow, Brewster Chung, 2016). digital system to make the recruitment process a smooth one. Finding employees with the correct mix of skills, personality and motivation is very much tough and it can only be solved by having a huge database which is practically impossible to have without the presence of the digital technology. Even if the recruitment process is handled solely by the HR department or any third party that is appointed by the HR department it is always essential to manage the process centrally or with the help of a central server. The HR department of Emirates faces huge problems during their time of recruitment as because the HR officials have to screen the best amongst a large number of candidates per year. Increasing the productivity of the workforce and ensuring the existing productivity stays intact is another main issue of the HR department of the mentioned company. As mentioned earlier the company is one of the largest International Airlines and operates 3600 flights a week to different places of the globe (Low Lee, 2014). Therefore it is very much important to maintain the productivity of the organization as because maintaining the productivity helps to make the organization gain a strategic competitive advantage over the rivals in the industry. It is the task of the HR manager to ensure that the resources of the company are adequate to meet the demands of the market. Having a digitalized technology can increase the organizational performance of the organization (Bamberger, Biron Meshoulam, 2014). Training is an essential element of the company as new employees recruited by the organization must be trained to make sure that the employees are compatible with the system of the organization. In an Airline company like Emirates training programs ought to be digitalized as because the real world situations need to be organized in such a way that it has a direct impact. Maintaining the discipline within the organization, avoiding and solving conflict issues, meeting the unions, solving disputes between the workers are all the work of the HR department. The HR department of the mentioned organization has their task cut out to maintain the discipline within such a large organization. The officials and executive HRs keep a constant touch with the employees and the unions of the organization to avoid conflict situations as much as possible (Brito Neto, Smith Pedersen, 2014). Solutions Implemented to rectify the Issue Retention helps to strengthen the loyalty of the employees and keeps the employees in the company for a long period. The strategies adapted by Emirates include recruiting, training and operating costs. The mentioned company offers incentives and recognizes its employees for providing outstanding contributions or success to the company. The employees in turn get motivated and perform at the highest level for their company. Attracting the best talent from the market is a big issue for the company considering the market size and the level of competition in the market. The digital culture existing within the organization in the modern world causes much hamper to the recruitment process of the organization. The HR department ensures that it fosters a high level of employee engagement which is the best possible solution to the problem. The following includes the publication of professional development opportunities, sponsored events of the company and peer to peer sharing of data (Sparrow, Brewster Chung, 2016). HR departments can ease the impact of changes that identifies formal and informal company leaders that acts as an catalyst for change. Such kind of Human Resources are often the leaders but not always who can influence and motivate the workers. Some of the popular practices for managing the changes of the leaders are; Addressing the concerns of the people systematically and quickly Explaining the reasons behind the changes and what are the needs of such changes Identifying the cultural diversity of the employees of the organization Enlist the identified agents of change Emirates have recently installed new HR software in its management system which helps it to measure the objective results of the organization. The following software helps the organization to create a database that is necessary to maintain in a company like Emirates. The database stores both internal as well as different external information regarding the employees, service users of the organization, the services provided by the organization and many more as such. Implementation and maintenance of such software help the organization to effectively manage its daily operations and keep an updated information on all the tasks that are performed by the following organization. The responsibility for payroll is shared between the HR department and the accounts department of the mentioned Airlines. The HR department maintains the detailed information about all the salaries, information, taxes, benefits and deductions of the employees (Sparrow, Brewster Chung, 2016). Any negligence or reluctance from the HR department can lead to serious issues involving discrepancies in salary structure. As mentioned earlier Emirates is on of the best modern companies that provides a healthy salary package to its employees. Regular incentives, rewards, performance appraisals are conducted on a regular basis (Bamberger, Biron Meshoulam, 2014). The following task is no doubt one of the main tasks of the HR department but engaging too much in keeping the employees happy hampers the other real works of the department which in turn has a huge impact on the organizational performance of the organization. Therefore implementing the strategic plans of the human resource department is much easier when proper software is maintained by the organization. The HR department of Emirates Aviation company has the responsibility of maintaining a detailed record of the health and safety information for different legal commitments of the company. Such kind of records ensures the health and safety issues of the company and makes sure that the company is able to ensure the safety of all its workers. Aviation workers generally face lots of issues regarding safety and thus such rules and regulations helps the company to make the employees more aware of the potential threats that exist in such a workplace. The company is also amongst the few that has a specific record of the health details of each and every employee. The health details are recorded to provide the employees with the proper treatment during any medical emergencies. Human Resource Planning Human Resource Planning by a business organization can be defined as the present and future human resource needs of the organization to achieve the target of the company. The planning of the human resource must be organized to serve as a bridge in between the management of the Human Resource and the strategic planning of the organization (Gatewood, Feild Barrick, 2015). The Strategic planning of an organization can be segmented out mainly into three categories based on the time limit of the integration, implementation and success of the plan. They are long term, Medium Term and Short Term. The researcher has provided a detailed explanation of the following. Long Term Long Term Planning of the Organization involves the determination of the strategic plans that covers a large time period of nearly 15 to 20 years. The long time period is used because of the large scale impact of the plans (Kavanagh Johnson, 2017). Emirates currently has a workforce strength of more than 35,000 staffs and given its current expansion rate it will have a minimum of 1, 00,000 strength of workforce by the year 2035. The expansion rate of the company across the World is basically because of its objectives to be the number one Airlines Company of the globe. Medium Term The medium term planning by Emirates Airlines Company applies permanent solutions to short term problems that act as a resistance to the smooth functioning of the organization. If the training programs for the employees of the Airlines group are solved in the short term. There are often customer complaints on some of the most common issues faced by service users who avail the services of the Airlines (Bodolica Spraggon, 2014). The HR department of the Company makes a record of such issues and solves the issues as early as possible within a medium range of time period. Short Term Short Term Human Resource Planning is concerned with the implementation of some selected planning within a very short period of time that may vary from 1 to 5 years. These plans are easily achievable within the stipulated period (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). Generally such strategic planning is formulated to make sure that the organization meets the shortfalls of the workforce, improves the organizational performance of the employees and helps the organization to make drastic and immediate changes to the organization. References "Emirates Flights Book A Flight, Browse Our Flight Offers And Explore The Emirates Experience."Emirates flights Book a flight, browse our flight offers and explore the Emirates Experience. N.p., 2017. Web. 11 Oct. 2017. Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2014).Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Bamberger, P. A., Biron, M., Meshoulam, I. (2014).Human resource strategy: Formulation, implementation, and impact. Routledge. Bodolica, V., Spraggon, M. (2014).Managing Organizations in the United Arab Emirates: Dynamic Characteristics and Key Economic Developments. Springer. Brito Neto, J. F., Smith, M., Pedersen, D. (2014). E?learning in multicultural environments: An analysis of online flight attendant training.British Journal of Educational Technology,45(6), 1060-1068. Gatewood, R., Feild, H. S., Barrick, M. (2015).Human resource selection. Nelson Education. Kavanagh, M. J., Johnson, R. D. (Eds.). (2017).Human resource information systems: Basics, applications, and future directions. Sage Publications. Laudon, K. C., Laudon, J. P. (2016).Management information system. Pearson Education India. Low, J. M., Lee, B. K. (2014). Effects of internal resources on airline competitiveness.Journal of Air Transport Management,36, 23-32. Peppard, J., Ward, J. (2016).The strategic management of information systems: Building a digital strategy. John Wiley Sons. Sparrow, P., Brewster, C., Chung, C. (2016).Globalizing human resource management. Routledge.

Biography of Amalasuntha, Queen of the Ostrogoths

Biography of Amalasuntha, Queen of the Ostrogoths We have three sources for the details of Amalasunthas life and rule: the histories of Procopius, the Gothic History of Jordanes (a summary version of a lost book by Cassiodorus), and the letters of Cassiodorus. All were written shortly after the Ostrogothic kingdom in Italy was defeated. Gregory of Tours, writing in the later 6th century, also mentions Amalasuntha. Procopius version of events, however, has many inconsistencies. In one account Procopius praises the virtue of Amalasuntha; in another, he accuses her of manipulation. In his version of this history, Procopius makes the Empress Theodora complicit in Amalasunthas death but he is often focused on depicting the Empress as a great manipulator. Known for: ruler of the Ostrogoths, first as regent for her sonDates: 498-535 (reigned 526-534)Religion:  Arian ChristianAlso known as: Amalasuentha, Amalasvintha,  Amalasvente, Amalasontha, Amalasonte, Queen of the Goths, Queen of the Ostrogoths, Gothic Queen, Regent Queen Background and Early Life Amalasuntha was the daughter of Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths, who had taken power in Italy with the support of the eastern emperor. Her mother was Audofleda, whose brother, Clovis I, was the first king to unite the Franks, and whose wife, Saint Clotilde, is credited with bringing Clovis into the Roman Catholic Christian fold. Amalasunthas cousins thus included the warring sons of Clovis and Clovis daughter, also named Clotilde, who married Amalasunthas half-nephew, Amalaric of the Goths. She was apparently well educated, speaking Latin, Greek, and Gothic fluently. Marriage and Regency Amalasuntha was married to Eutharic, a Goth from Spain, who died in 522. They had two children; their son was Athalaric. When Theodoric died in 526, his heir was Amalasunthas son Athalaric. Because Athalaric was only ten, Amalasuntha became regent for him. After Athalarics death while still a child, Amalasuntha joined forces with the next closest heir to the throne, her cousin Theodahad or Theodad (sometimes called her husband in accounts of her rule). With the advice and support of her minister Cassiodorus, who had also been an advisor to her father, Amalasuntha seems to have continued a close relationship with the Byzantine emperor, now Justinian as when she permitted Justinian to use Sicily as a base for Belisarius invasion of the Vandals in North Africa. Opposition by the Ostrogoths Perhaps with Justinians and Theodahads support or manipulation, Ostrogoth nobles opposed Amalasunthas policies. When her son was alive, these same opponents had protested her giving her son a Roman, classical education, and instead had insisted that he receive training as a soldier. Eventually, the nobles rebelled against Amalasuntha, and exiled her to Bolsena in Tuscany in 534, ending her reign. There, she was later strangled by relatives of some men she had earlier ordered killed. Her murder probably was undertaken with her cousins approval Theodahad may have had reason to believe that Justinian wanted Amalasuntha removed from power. The Gothic War But after Amalasunthas murder, Justinian sent Belisarius to launch the Gothic War, retaking Italy and deposing Theodahad. Amalasuntha also had a daughter, Matasuntha or Matasuentha (among other renderings of her name). She apparently married Witigus, who briefly reigned after Theodahads death. She was then married to Justinians nephew or cousin, Germanus, and was made a Patrician Ordinary. Gregory of Tours, in his History of the Franks, mentions Amalasuntha and tells a story, which is most likely not historical, of Amalasuntha eloping with a slave who was then killed by her mothers representatives and then of Amalasuntha killing her mother by putting poison in her communion chalice. Procopius About Amalasuntha An excerpt from Procopius of Caesaria: The Secret History How Theodora treated those who offended her will now be shown, though again I can give only a few instances, or obviously there would be no end to the demonstration.When Amasalontha decided to save her life by surrendering her queendom over the Goths and retiring to Constantinople (as I have related elsewhere), Theodora, reflecting that the lady was well-born and a Queen, more than easy to look at and a marvel at planning intrigues, became suspicious of her charms and audacity: and fearing her husbands fickleness, she became not a little jealous, and determined to ensnare the lady to her doom.

Search Engine Structure essays

Search Engine Structure essays The Internet is a vast and overwhelming collection of information on any subject that can be imagined. To provide structure to this huge amount of information, search engines allow users to search for specific pieces of Search engines such as Google and Yahoo are technically known as information retrieval systems (IR) (Liddy, 2001). These search engines then work on the basis of created indexes. These indexes are matched with queries entered by users. Indexes are created according to words in documents and pointers within documents. The IR system creating this index is structured according to four elements: a document processor, query processor, search and matching function, and ranking ability (Liddy, 2001). The document processor comprises a preparing, processing and inputting function when a search is conducted (Liddy, 2001). Several functions are inherent in this process, including normalizing the document stream, breaking it into retrievable units, metatagging subdocument pieces, identifying indexable elements, etc. The first three functions are known as pre-processing, and the main aim is standardization of multiple formats. The nature and quality of search results are determined by the index identification stage. Further concerning the quality of material is the elimination of stop words. These include words of little meaning to the content of the query, such as "and", "but", "of", etc. Deleting these words helps to save search time and volume. Closely related is term stemming, according to which suffixes are removed. This helps to reduce the number of unique words in an index, and again saves storage space. A disadvantage is that precision and accuracy of search results may be negatively affected. There is however the option of a strong or weak stemming algorithm in order to regulate precision. Finally, the document processor extracts i...

Choose any company and describe its multinational business aspects Essay

Choose any company and describe its multinational business aspects - Essay Example However, multinational companies face critics of polluting the environment and paying local labor poorly. At the same time, they face critics of exploiting the resources of resident countries and sending the profits to their parent countries. Multinational companies operate on the concepts of multinational business including global context and company strategy. Indeed, globalization plays a major role in the success of a multinational company. The complexity of operating a multinational company is very clear where only about 1% of all American companies had branches outside US by 2004. The strategy of a multinational company may involve merging with parent companies who have established distribution network and customer base. In case of a merger, it becomes hard to balance the two national interests and the interests of the investors. Nevertheless, the aspect of globalization is not ideal in that most companies are more rooted in their parent countries where their customers, investors, suppliers, and employees reside. As such, for them to remain afloat, they adopt a cosmopolitan approach that mandates them to adapt to the different market dynamics in variant countries. This affects the company strategy that reverts to ad aptation than growth. It also affects the organization of the company that has to reduce the external differences and manage the organizational distance (Ghemawat 92-99). They will equally have to pass the cosmopolitan approach to their customers and shareholders. Microsoft, Sony, Starbucks, and Coca cola are successful multinational companies. Microsoft Corporation is the worlds largest software multinational corporation based in Redmond, Washington, United States. Microsoft deals with computing products where it is the largest computer manufacturer, developer, and licensor. The company uses the aspect of globalization in business where it operates in more than more than 135 different